Overview

Carotid Artery Disease

The carotid arteries are the two large blood vessels on either side of the neck. They are the main source of blood to the head.

Carotid artery disease occurs when one or both arteries become narrowed or blocked by a buildup of plaque. Plaque is made up of scar tissue, blood cells in the artery wall, cholesterol, and other fatty substances. This plaque buildup results in hardening of the arteries, otherwise known as atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis can slow or stop blood flow to the brain. As a result, the brain may not receive enough oxygen, sugar, and other nutrients carried by the blood and needed for brain-cell activities.

How is carotid artery disease diagnosed?

One or more tests may be used to determine if you have carotid artery disease. A doctor may detect carotid artery disease by listening to blood flow in the neck with a stethoscope. More advanced tests the doctor may use are:

• Duplex Ultrasound: This imaging technique uses sound waves to show vessels, the size of the blockage, and the amount of blood flowing through the artery.
• MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography) and MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): These procedures use magnetic fields and pulses of radio energy to reveal blood vessels and blood flow without the need of contrast dye.
• CT (Computed Tomography) Scan: This computerized x-ray assembles two-dimensional images of the head to outline brain structures and rule out a recent stroke.
• Angiography: This procedure uses a special contrast dye that is injected into the vessels. The dye makes the vessels visible on a screen and in x-rays, enabling the doctor to identify the size and location of the blockage.

What are treatment options for carotid artery disease?

Once carotid artery disease has been diagnosed, the goal is to reduce the risk of stroke. The doctor wants to prevent the disease from getting worse and, if necessary, restore adequate blood flow through the carotid artery. He or she will decide what is medically appropriate in your situation.